Stem Cell Therapy for Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction in Rodent Models: A Systematic Review / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Purpose@#Neurogenic bladder dysfunction (NGB) has an impact on the quality of life, which made it an important research subject in preclinical studies. The present review investigates the effect of stem cell (SC) therapy on bladder functional recovery after the onset of spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson disease (PD), and stroke in rodent models. @*Methods@#All experiments evaluated the regenerative potential of SC on the management of NGB in rodent models up to June 2019, were included. From 1,189 relevant publications, 20 studies met our inclusion criteria of which 15 were conducted on SCI, 2 on PD, 2 on stroke, and 1 on MS in the rodent models. We conducted a meta-analysis on SCI experiments and for other neurological diseases, detailed urodynamic findings were reported. @*Results@#The common SC sources used for therapeutical purposes were neural progenitor cells, bone marrow mesenchymal SCs, human amniotic fluid SCs, and human umbilical cord blood SCs. There was a significant improvement of micturition pressure in both contusion and transaction SCI models 4 and 8 weeks post-SC transplantation. Residual urine volume, micturition volume, and bladder capacity were improved 28 days after SC transplantation only in the transaction model of SCI. Nonvoiding contraction recovered only in 56 days post-cell transplantation in the contusion model. @*Conclusions@#Partial bladder recovery has been evident after SC therapy in SCI models. Due to limitations in the number of studies in other neurological diseases, additional studies are necessary to confirm the detailed mechanism for bladder recovery.

Chronic administration of rosa canina hydro-alcoholic extract attenuates depressive-like behavior and recognition memory impairment in diabetic mice: a possible role of oxidative stress

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate whether chronic Rosa canina [RC] extract administration could improve recognition memory and depressive-like behavior in diabetic mice

Materials and Methods: Seventy-five male albino mice [25-30 g] were randomly divided into 5 groups [15 in each group]

A single intraperitoneal injection of 200 nng/ kg streptozotocin [STZ] was administered to the mice to induce diabetes

The control group received normal saline, and the diabetic groups received normal saline or 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg of RC extract for 28 days

The mice were weighed each week

Recognition memory and depressive-like behavior were assessed using forced swimming and novel object recognition [NOR] tests, respectively. Malondi-aldehyde [MDA] levels and total antioxidant capacity [TAG]were measured in the mouse brain homogenate to evaluate oxidative stress. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS, version 22

Results: The groups receiving 250 or 500 mg/kg RC had significantly lower immobility time [159.4 +/- 4.7 and 150.1 +/- 3.1 s] compared to the sham control group [192.1 +/- 7.8 s] in the forced swimming test, and a higher discrimination index [0.39 +/- 0.02 and 0.48 +/- 0.03] was seen in diabetic animals in the NOR task compared to the sham control group [0.2 +/- 0.01]

Also, the groups receiving treatment with RC [250 and 500 mg/kg] had significantly higher TAG [0.92 +/- 0.04 and 0.96 +/- 0.05 mmol/L] and lower MDA [0.76 +/- 0.02 and 0.67 +/- 0.03 nmol/mg protein] levels in the brains in comparison to the model group. In the 3rd and 4th weeks of study, the RC-treated mice [250 and 500 mg/kg] gained more weight [31.2 +/- 0.3 and 32.4 +/- 0.3 g, and 31.3 +/- 0.2 and 33.7 +/- 0.3 g, respectively] than the diabetic group [30 +/- 0.2 and 29.6 +/- 0.3 g]

Conc/us/on:This study showed that RG attenuated impairment of recognition memory and depressive-like behavior probably through modulation of oxidative stress in an STZ model of diabetes in mouse brains

Activation of toll-like receptors 2 by high-mobility group box 1 in monocytes from patients with ischemic stroke

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. Toll-like receptors [TLRs] are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of TLR2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate the expression change profile following high-mobility group box 1 [HMGB1] stimulation

Methods: A total of 30 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled from November 2013 to September 2014. The real-time PCR and ELISA assays were applied to detect the concentrations of TLR2 mRNAs

Results: TLR2 expression was found to be increased in patients with ischemic stroke, as compared to the healthy control group [P<0.001]. Also, anti-TLR2 antibodies were able to decrease the expression levels of IL-17, IL-6 and IL-33. This result implies that the enhanced TLR2 pathway and Th17 cell polarization may be due to HMGB1 stimulation in ischemic stroke

Conclusion: Further clinical studies are needed for development of a new treatment strategy to inhibit the HMGB1 pathway, thus preventing the inflammation in ischemic stroke patients

Amyloid-beta: a crucial factor in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease [AD] is the most prevalent form of dementia which affects people older than 60 years of age. In AD, the dysregulation of the amyloid-beta [Abeta] level leads to the appearance of senile plaques which contain Abeta depositions. Abeta is a complex biological molecule which interacts with many types of receptors and/or forms insoluble assemblies and, eventually, its nonphysiological depositions alternate with the normal neuronal conditions. In this situation, AD signs appear and the patients experience marked cognitional disabilities. In general, intellect, social skills, personality, and memory are influenced by this disease and, in the long run, it leads to a reduction in quality of life and life expectancy. Due to the pivotal role of Abeta in the pathobiology of AD, a great deal of effort has been made to reveal its exact role in neuronal dysfunctions and to finding efficacious therapeutic strategies against its adverse neuronal outcomes. Hence, the determination of its different molecular assemblies and the mechanisms underlying its pathological effects are of interest. In the present paper, some of the well-established structural forms of Abeta, its interactions with various receptors and possible molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying its neurotoxicity are discussed. In addition, several Abeta-based rodent models of AD are reviewed

Mental health problems of Iranian female adolescents and its association with pubertal development: a nationwide study

Mental health problems including emotional and behavioral problems during puberty may be under influence of different risk factors including cultures, living in urban or rural areas and ethnic factors which may vary between different countries. The main aim of this study is to investigate the profile of emotional and behavioral problems and the role of factors such as age, stage of puberty, ethnicity, rurality and living in urban area, as risk factors in Iranian girls. As a part of a large national study we evaluated the emotional and behavioral problems in different stages of puberty in a community sample of Iranian adolescent girls from public schools that were selected by clustered random sampling method. In all subjects, demographic characteristics, and pubertal stages were measured. Emotional and behavioral problems were evaluated using Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ]. The associations of age, pubertal development indices, socioeconomic and demographic factors with the behavioral problems were assessed. A total number of 4576 students enrolled the study and responded to the questions. The mean age of participants was 13.83 +/- 2.19 years. The mean total score of difficulties in participants was 14.34 +/- 5.81. According to these results 813 [17.8%] adolescents had total problem scores higher than Goodman's cutoff points and the most frequent problem domain was conduct problems [20.5%]. According to the results the most related variable with the total difficulty score of SDQ were ethnicity, residency in urban areas and development of menstrual cycle respectively. The results of this study showed that the most correlated factors with mental health problems in Iranian girls during puberty are ethnicity, urbanity and development of menstrual cycle

[Clinical characteristics and diagnostic stability of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and diagnostic stability of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. In this prospective study, 257 subjects with bipolar disorder who were consecutively admitted to Roozbeh Hospital [Tehran, Iran] were enrolled. Demographic characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, comorbid disorders and mood and psychotic symptoms were extracted from the patients' admission files and the information questionnaire, which had been filled in the admission time by the patients. In the further assessment, diagnostic evaluation was done using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-aged children present and lifetime version [K-SADS-PL], for the patients under 18, and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia [SADS] for the patients older than 18. Severity of the symptoms in the acute phase of mood disorder was evaluated by the Young Mania Rating Scale [Y-MRS] in manic phase and Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] for patients older than 16 or Children Depression Inventory [CDI] for the patients under 16 in depressive phase. Also, current and past levels of functioning were evaluated by the Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF] scale for patients older than 18 and the Child Global Assessment Scale [CGAS] for the patients under 18. The most common symptom, irritability, was accompanied by elated mood in most cases. 73.2% of the patients had at least one comorbid disorder and the most common comorbid disorder wasAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [44.2%]. Diagnostic stability in all periods of illness was higher than 80%. This study supports the high diagnostic stability of bipolar disorder in both children and adolescents.

Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1a receptors in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced catalepsy-like immobilization in rats: a therapeutic approach for treating catalepsy of parkinson's disease

We have shown that buspirone, a partial agonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A [5-HT[1A]] receptors, improves motor dysfunctions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine [6-OHDA] and haloperidol in rats. The present work extends these findings by investigating the role of 5-HT[1A] receptors on catalepsy-like immobilization in rats, a model of Parkinson's disease. Catalepsy was induced by unilateral infusion of 6-OH-dopamine [8 micro g/2 micro L/rat] into the central region of the substantia nigra, compact part [SNc] and assayed by bar-test method 5, 60, 120 and 180 min after the drugs administration. The involvement of 5-HT[1A] receptors in 6-OHDA-induced catalepsy was studied through intraperitoneal [0.25, 0.5 and 1mg/Kg IP] and intrasubstantia nigra, compact part [10 micro g/rat, intra-SNc] injection of 8-hydroxy-2-[di-n-propylamino] tetralin [8-OHDPAT] as well as administration of 1-[2-methoxyphenyl]-4-[4-[2-pthalimmido] butyl] piperazine hydrobromide [0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/Kg, NAN-190, IP]. NAN-190 [1 mg/Kg, IP] and 8-OHDPAT [1 mg/Kg, IP and 10 micro g/rat, intra-SNc] increased and decreased 6-OHDA-induced catalepsy respectively. In normal [non 6-OHDA-lesioned] rats, NAN-190 [1 mg/Kg, IP] increased the elapsed time in bar-test while 8-OHDPAT did not produce any significant effect. The anticataleptic effect of 8-OHDPAT [1 mg/Kg, IP] was reversed markedly by co-injection with NAN-190 [1 mg/Kg, IP]. These findings suggest that 5-HT1A receptors are involved in 6-OHDA-induced catalepsy-like immobilization

[ efficacy of an integrated treatment in comparison with treatment as usual in a group of children and adolescents with first-episode psychosis during a two -year follow-up]

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of an integrated treatment [IT] versus treatment as usual [TAU] in a group of inpatient children and adolescents with first episode psychosis [FEP] during a two year follow up. In a randomized controlled trial, 40 children and adolescents with FEP based on DSM-IV criteria were recruited from referrals to Robe Hospital [Tehran, Iran]. They were divided into a TAU group [N=20], and an IT group [N=20] who received a low dose of atypical antipsychotic medications and family psycho-education program, and were followed up by telephone contacts. All participants were evaluated at admission and discharge as well as in 6, 12, 18 and 24 month intervals using the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Persian Version [K-SADS-PLPV], Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS], Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS], Children's Depression Inventory [CDI], Hamilton Depression Rating Scale [HAM-D], Global Assessment of Functioning Scale [GAF], and Children Global Assessment Scale [CGAS]. Statistical methods consisted of analysis of independent t and x[2] for qualitative variables, and random effect regression model for quantitative variables. The two groups showed significant improvement in all outcome measures at different time-points. The rate and duration of recurrences were lower in the IT group compared to the TAU group. All of the other outcome measures were comparable in the two groups and there was no difference between them in different follow-up periods. Integrated treatment may decrease the rate and duration of recurrences in children and adolescents with FEP

Quality of life and the associated psychological factors in caregivers of children with PKU

The main objective of this study was to investigate the association of psychological factors and life stressors with quality of life in caregivers of children with PKU. Participants were caregivers of children with PKU who were referred to a child and adolescent consultation-liaison psychiatry clinic for a clinical follow up. Their demographic characteristics were recorded at first. WHOQOL-BREF and Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale [DASS] were used to assess quality of life, depression, anxiety and stress in participants. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-11.5 statistical software. A total number of 49 caregivers were enrolled for the study. The mean age of participants and their children were 35.63 +/- 8.82, and 9.84 +/- 6.62 respectively. Of the participants, 59.2% were mothers and 40.8% were fathers. Of the children, 51% were girls and 49% were boys. According to the results, 57.1, 50.1 and 57.1 percent of the participants had mild to severe levels of depression, anxiety and stress scores respectively. The most associated factors with quality of life were as follows: caregivers' occupation; anxiety; and depression mean scores. Results of the current study showed that caregivers of children with PKU have lower levels of quality of life in comparison with the general population; and the most correlated factors with quality of life were the caregivers' occupation [especially unemployment], and high levels of depression and anxiety

Initial orientation of attention towards emotional faces in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Early recognition of negative emotions is considered to be of vital importance. It seems that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have some difficulties recognizing facial emotional expressions, especially negative ones. This study investigated the preference of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder for negative [angry, sad] facial expressions compared to normal children. Participants were 35 drug naive boys with ADHD, aged between 6-11 years, and 31 matched healthy children. Visual orientation data were recorded while participants viewed face pairs [negative-neutral pairs] shown for 3000ms. The number of first fixations made to each expression was considered as an index of initial orientation. Group comparisons revealed no difference between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder group and their matched healthy counterparts in initial orientation of attention. A tendency towards negative emotions was found within the normal group, while no difference was observed between initial allocation of attention toward negative and neutral expressions in children with ADHD. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder do not have significant preference for negative facial expressions. In contrast, normal children have a significant preference for negative facial emotions rather than neutral faces

effect of parental presence on the 5 year-old children's anxiety and cooperative behavior in the first and second dental visit

One of the most significant problems in pediatric dentistry is behavioral resistance of preschool children in the first visit. There is a debate on parental presence in operation room. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Iranian 5-year-old children's behavior including anxiety and cooperation relative to parental presence in the first and second dental appointments. The study was conducted on sixty seven 5-year-old children selected according to inclusion criteria and randomly divided into two subgroups. Children in group I were visited in parent's presence and in group II in parent's absence. Before the child's first dental visit, parents were interviewed. Forty eight of the children receiving the initial examination were recalled for a second visit. The children's responses during the Holst procedure of the first visit and restorative second visit were assessed using a combination of two measures including heart rate and clinical behavior. The dentist-patient interactions were regulated by standardized scripts and recorded on videotape. Then, the behavior of the child on the recording during each visit was quantified by two pediatric dentists independently according to Venham 6-point rating scale and Frankle 4-point rating scale. There were no significant differences between the heart rate measures of children in group I and II in the first and second visit [0.67, 0.8 respectively]. There were also no significant differences between the clinical anxiety scores of children in the two groups in the first and second visit [0.98, 0.42 respectively]. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the clinical cooperation scores of children in group I and group II in the first and second visit [0.88, 0.40 respectively], neither were there any significant differences between response measures of each child between two visits [P>0.05]. In addition, there were no significant differences related to sex, parental education and dental experiences [P>0.05]. Parental presence or absence doesn't affect an Iranian 5-year-old child's anxiety on the first and second dental visit, as well as an Iranian 5-year-old child's cooperation on the first and second dental visit

Assessment of pubertal development in Iranian girls

We estimated pubertal development of 7,493 normal Iranian girls aged 6 to 20 years in a cross-sectional study. Pubertal stages were assessed according to Tanner. The mean ages to achieve secondary sexual characteristics as well as the mean age at menarche were estimated. Weight and height were measured and body mass index [BMI] was calculated. Reference curves for different breast stages and menarche were constructed. The percentiles for attaining each stage were compared to data proposed by Tanner. The mean age at breast bud stage [B2] was 10.10, pubic hair stage [P2] was 9.83, and menarche age was 12.55 years. The anthropometric variables were interpreted in different maturity stages. The mean age at attainment of puberty was compared with those of other populations. Not only the onset of puberty in Iranian girls but also the duration of puberty is similar to data from most other countries. A lower age limit for the definition of precocious puberty than the traditional 8 years is documented for Iranian girls. However, it should be noted that considering the rate of evolution of pubertal findings is more important than the age of their appearance

Association of premorbid adjustment with symptom profile and quality of life in first episode psychosis in a tertiary hospital in Tehran, Iran

Poor premorbid adjustment has been reported to be a predictor of more severe psychotic symptoms and poor quality of life in such psychotic disorders as schizophrenia. However, most studies were performed on chronic schizophrenic patients, and proposed the likelihood of recall biases and the effect of chronicity. The aim of this study was to investigate these factors in a sample of first episode psychotic patients, as a part of Roozbeh first episode psychosis project [RooF]. Premorbid adjustment was assessed using Premorbid Adjustment Scale [PAS] in 48 patients with the first psychotic episode who were admitted to Roozbeh Psychiatric Hospital. The severity of symptoms was measured using Positive and Negative Scale [PANSS] in three subgroups of positive, negative and general subscales. Quality of life was measured using WHO QOL, and Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF] was also measured. The mean age was 24 years. Poor Premorbid adjustment in late adolescence was significantly associated with more severe symptoms according to PANSS negative symptoms [p=0.019, r=0.44]. Furthermore, sociability and peer relationship domains had a positive correlation with PANSS negative subscale scores [r=0.531, p=0.002 and r=0.385, p=0.03, respectively]. There were no significant differences between males and females in premorbid adjustment. Furthermore, this study failed to show any differences between affective and non-affective psychosis in premorbid functioning. Our study confirms poor premorbid adjustment association with more severe negative symptoms and poor quality of life in a sample of Iranian first episode psychotic patients

Frequency of psychological disorders amongst children in Urban Areas of Tehran

To evaluate the frequency of different psychiatric disorders among 7 to 12 years old children in urban areas of Tehran. A sample of 799 children [6 to 11 years old] were selected from 250 clusters of the entire 22 municipality areas of Tehran using a multistage sampling method from 250 clusters from the entire 22 municipality areas of Tehran.. After responding to a Persian version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] parent-report form, the Persian version of Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia - Present and Lifetime [K-SADS-PL] was administered to 241 children and their families. The frequency of child psychological disorders was determined using the results of K-SADS-PL. The overall frequency of any psychological disorders in the sample of children was 17.9 percent. Among the interviewed children childrenwho were interviewed, the most prevalent diagnoses were Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] [8.6 percent] 8.6%, Oppositional Defiant Disorder [ODD] [7.3 percent] 7.3%, and separation anxiety disorder [SAD] [5.9 percent] 5.9%. There were not any statistically significant differences between sexes in the frequency of psychological disorders except enuresis that was more frequent in the boys and anorexia nervosa that was observed more frequently in the girls. Higher frequency of ADHD and ODD and SAD among the studied children warrants more specific evaluation of frequency and possible causes of these high frequency rates. The frequency of psychological disorders in the studied children was comparable to the that of other studies

Protection of employment rights of HIV/AIDS victims developments and procedures

HIV/AIDS as a crisis for modem human has influenced on his life in different aspects of personal or social. Reviewing of influences of this situation on employment rights of related victims is important, not only for its epidemic in work places area but also for its potential danger for fundamental human rights. Ensuring the victims right to freedom of any discrimination on their HIV/AIDS situation, may prevent of them deprivation of any promotion, use of insurance, appropriate education and etc. as other employees. By employees, I mean workers and other members of government or private section. In this article, I review legal movement to elimination or reduction of negative affect of HIV/AIDS situation on the employment field, through legal texts in international, regional and national levels. So, a number of international decrees, specially 110's Code of Practices and a few regional documents in American or African countries, beside some national enactments, have been analyzed. A collection of judicial jurisprudences have used, too. Additionally, I review some scopes of protected employment rights and their related functional ensuring

Post traumatic stress disorder and general symptoms of anxiety in adolescent survivors of Bam earthquake

Reports of the prevalence of PTSD has been variable between 28-70% after the earthquake disaster in the city of Bam, among children. Several studies in adults have shown a high comorbidity of anxiety disorders as well. In this study we evaluated the frequency of PTSD and anxiety symptoms among adolescents in the period of 7-9 months after a large scale disaster [Bam earthquake]. In an epidemiologic study, we evaluated the PTSD and the severity of general symptoms of anxiety in adolescent survivors of Bam earthquake who had been directly exposed to the traumatic event. We used DSM-IV criteria and Posttraumatic Stress Scale [ASS] for PTSD diagnosis and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale for evaluation of the anxiety symptoms. 284 adolescents at the ages of 11 to 18 with a mean age of 14.8 [SD=2.1] were recruited. 45.1% had PTSD and there were no statistical differences between boys and girls for PTSD symptoms. The girls had more anxiety symptoms than the boys. One half of the adolescent survivors of Bam earthquake had post traumatic stress disorder. The girls had more anxiety symptoms